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Molecular Weight
Purity
Storage
Appearance
Solubility
01
Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide, Glu-Asp-Arg (often abbreviated EDR from the one-letter amino acid codes). It belongs to the family of short-peptide “bioregulators” developed by V. Kh. Khavinson and colleagues at the St Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, the same group behind Epitalon and related di-, tri- and tetrapeptides.
Published work, mostly from this group and related Russian institutes, has examined Pinealon in neuronal cell models of oxidative stress and in rodent studies. Independent replication outside this research network is limited. It is supplied as a lyophilized reference material for in vitro and analytical research only.
02
Pinealon is one of the smallest peptides in this catalogue.
Sequence
Glu-Asp-Arg with a free N-terminal amine and a free C-terminal acid.
Charge
Two acidic side chains (Glu and Asp) and the C-terminus give three negative charges at neutral pH; arginine and the N-terminus give two positive charges. The net charge is therefore about −1, and the molecule is extremely polar and water-soluble.
No sensitive side chains
There is no aromatic residue, cysteine, methionine or tryptophan, so oxidation and disulfide chemistry are not concerns.
Bioregulator family
In the Khavinson-group framework, Pinealon is grouped with peptides such as Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), Vilon (Lys-Glu) and Cardiogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg), all proposed to act on gene expression.
03
Published research on Pinealon falls into two main areas.
Neuronal oxidative stress
In cultured rat cortical neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide, studies reported reduced reactive oxygen species, lower caspase-3 activation and preserved mitochondrial function, together with reduced ERK1/2 activation.
Gene expression hypothesis
The research group proposes that short peptides such as EDR can interact with DNA or chromatin and influence gene expression. This hypothesis is based largely on the group’s own modelling and experiments and has not been widely confirmed independently.
Animal studies
Rodent studies have examined models of prenatal hyperhomocysteinaemia and experimental diabetes.
These findings are cited as research context only; no effects are claimed for this material.
04
Bioregulator comparisons
A reference compound in studies comparing short peptides of the Khavinson series in cell models.
Oxidative-stress assays
Used as a test compound in hydrogen peroxide-challenged neuronal cultures measuring ROS, caspase-3 and mitochondrial readouts.
Small-peptide analytics
A convenient low-mass, very polar peptide for testing HPLC retention of hydrophilic analytes and for LC-MS calibration at low m/z.
05
Storage
Store the lyophilized powder at −20 °C, sealed and desiccated. Let the vial reach room temperature before opening, as small peptide powders can absorb moisture.
Reconstitution
Highly soluble in water and aqueous buffers at any practical concentration.
Chemical stability
The main risks are hydrolysis and rearrangement around Asp2: Asp-containing bonds are relatively acid-labile, and aspartimide/isoaspartate formation is fastest in the mildly acidic range (around pH 4–6). The N-terminal glutamate can also slowly cyclise to pyroglutamate. Keep solutions near neutral pH, cold and fresh.
Solutions
Freeze single-use aliquots and avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles.
06
Pinealon’s small size and polarity require adjusted methods.
HPLC
It is barely retained on standard reversed-phase C18. Start at very low organic content, use an aqueous-compatible or polar-embedded C18 column, or use HILIC. Detect at about 205–214 nm; with no aromatic residues, 280 nm gives no useful signal.
Mass spectrometry
Positive-mode ESI gives [M+H]⁺ at m/z 419.2 (monoisotopic 418.18 Da). Negative mode also works well because of its acidic residues.
Impurity profile
Typical checks include isoAsp variants (same mass, different retention), pyroglutamate formation (−18 Da), dipeptide fragments from synthesis or hydrolysis, and counter-ion content.
07
It is the one-letter code for Pinealon’s sequence: E for glutamic acid, D for aspartic acid and R for arginine, i.e. Glu-Asp-Arg.
Yes, in the sense that both come from the same research group’s series of short-peptide bioregulators. They have different sequences: Pinealon is Glu-Asp-Arg and Epitalon is Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly.
Around 205–214 nm, where the peptide bonds absorb. It has no aromatic residues, so it gives essentially no signal at 280 nm.
It is a very small, highly charged and polar tripeptide. A low starting organic content, an aqueous-compatible C18 column or HILIC is usually needed.
Chemistry around Asp2, including acid-promoted hydrolysis and aspartimide/isoaspartate formation, which is fastest at mildly acidic pH (around 4–6), plus slow cyclisation of the N-terminal glutamate to pyroglutamate.
Most studies come from one research group and associated Russian institutes, with limited independent replication. Results should be interpreted with that in mind.
No. It is supplied strictly as a reference compound for laboratory and analytical research and is not for human or animal use.
Pinealon Research Reference. (2026). Pure Peptides Labs Research Catalogue. Retrieved from https://purepeptideslabs.net/research-catalogue/cellular-bioregulator-reference-compounds/pinealon/
Materials listed on this platform are supported by independent testing and published documentation for laboratory research contexts.
